-Kaiser Permanente的一项新研究发表在《Pediatric Obesity》上，文章显示怀孕前肥胖和孕期体重过度增加与儿童在2岁时超重的风险相关。研究还发现母乳喂养至少到婴儿六个月时才会降低孩子到2岁时超重的可能性。
根据美国疾病控制和预防中心称，在过去的30年里，肥胖儿童已增长逾一倍，青少年中超过四倍，而在2012年，已发现超过三分之一的儿童和青少年有超重或肥胖现象。
“儿童肥胖到成人肥胖和长期的亚健康状态结果相关，这就是为什么我们要探讨的可能导致幼儿期体重超标的因素。”Anny H.Xiang解释说。“我们的研究结果强调需要更多的公共卫生资源来降低孕产妇肥胖，增加适当的妊娠期体重和促进母乳喂养。”
先前的研究已经表明了肥胖孕妇或孕期过度增重和儿童肥胖之间的联系。Kaiser Permanente研究了接受标准医疗检查的妇女和儿童，并检查了所有与儿童肥胖相关的四个因素之间的相互作用：孕前肥胖、妊娠期体重增加，妊娠糖尿病和母乳喂养。
该研究小组发现：
通过对怀孕期间体重增加，妊娠糖尿病和母乳喂养调整后，相比怀孕前体重（BMI在18.5和25之间）正常的女性，孕前肥胖(体重指数为30.0或更高)的女性会增加她的孩子在2岁时超重的几率。
女性孕前超重(体重指数在25.0至29.9之间)，她的孩子在2岁时超重的几率会增加50%。
相比通过孕前体重、妊娠糖尿病和母乳喂养调整后的健康孕妇，孕期体重若过度增加的孕妇其孩子在2岁时超重的几率会增加23%。
不管母亲的孕前体重、妊娠期糖尿病或怀孕期间体重增加过多，母乳喂养至少六个月就会降低2岁孩子24%的超重几率。
这项研究于2011年在加州南部Kaiser Permanente医疗条件下对15，710名女性生孩子的情况进行了研究。根据医学研究所的指导方针，过多的体重增加被定义为正常体重的女性孕期体重超过35磅，超重女性孕期超过25磅，肥胖妇女怀孕期间超过20磅。据疾控中心增长图表表示，2岁儿童如果他们的BMI大于年龄和性别的第85个百分位就被认为是超重。
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Pre-pregnancy obesity increases odds of having overweight children
A new Kaiser Permanente study,published in Pediatric Obesity,found that pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of the child becoming overweight at age 2.The study also found breastfeeding for at least six months helped reduce the likelihood of a child being overweight at age 2.
In the past 30 years,obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents,with more than one-third of children and adolescents found to be overweight or obese in 2012,according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
\\\"Childhood obesity is linked with adult obesity and long-term negative health outcomes,which is why it is important to explore which factors may contribute to excessive weight during early childhood,\\\"explained the study\\\'s lead author,Anny H.Xiang,PhD,of the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research&Evaluation.\\\"Our study findings highlight the need for more public health efforts to reduce maternal obesity,appropriate gestational weight gain and to promote breastfeeding.\\\"
Although previous studies have identified a link between maternal obesity and/or excessive gestational weight gain and long-term obesity risk in children,the Kaiser Permanente study included women and children who received standard medical care and it examined the interplay among all four factors associated with childhood obesity:pre-pregnancy obesity,gestational weight gain,gestational diabetes and breastfeeding.The research team found:A woman being obese(BMI of 30.0 or higher)prior to getting pregnant increased the odds of her child being overweight at age 2 by more than two-fold compared to women who had a normal pre-pregnancy weight(BMI between 18.5 and 25),after adjusting for weight gain during pregnancy,gestational diabetes and breastfeeding.A woman being overweight(BMI between 25.0 and 29.9)prior to pregnancy was associated with 50 percent increased odds of her child being overweight at age 2.Excessive weight gain during pregnancy was associated with 23 percent increased odds of a child being overweight at age 2 compared to women who had healthy weight gain during pregnancy after adjusting for pre-pregnancy weight,gestational diabetes and breastfeeding.Breastfeeding for at least six months was associated with a 24 percent reduction for the odds of a child being overweight at age 2 regardless of a mother\\\'s pre-pregnancy weight,gestational diabetes or excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
The study included 15,710 women who delivered babies at Kaiser Permanente medical facilities in Southern California in 2011.Excessive weight gain was defined according to Institute of Medicine guidelines,with normal-weight women gaining more than 35 pounds,overweight women gaining more than 25 pounds and obese women gaining more than 20 pounds during their pregnancy.Children were considered overweight at age 2 if their BMI was greater than the 85th percentile for their age and sex,based on growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
